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Recherches cliniques
Comparaison entre cigarette électronique et cigarette de tabac
Cardiovascular Effects of Switching From Tobacco Cigarettes to Electronic Cigarettes.
Contexte :
L’utilisation de la cigarette électronique (CE) augmente de façon exponentielle dans le monde entier. Les premiers effets cardiovasculaires du passage des cigarettes de tabac (TC) à la CE chez les fumeurs chroniques sont inconnus. La méta-analyse des études de vasodilatation médiée par le flux (FMD) indique des risques relatifs ajustés combinés de 13 % inférieurs d’événements cardiovasculaires pour chaque amélioration de 1 % de la FMD.
Objectifs :
Cette étude visait à déterminer l’impact vasculaire précoce du passage de TC à EC chez les fumeurs chroniques.
Méthodes :
Les auteurs ont mené un essai contrôlé randomisé prospectif avec une cohorte parallèle de préférence non randomisée et un critère d’évaluation en aveugle de fumeurs âgés de ≥18 ans qui avaient fumé ≥15 cigarettes/jour pendant ≥2 ans et n’avaient pas de maladie cardiovasculaire établie. Les participants ont été randomisés en EC avec nicotine ou EC sans nicotine pendant 1 mois. Ceux qui ne voulaient pas arrêter ont continué avec TC dans une cohorte de préférence parallèle. Une analyse du score de propension a été effectuée pour ajuster les différences entre les cohortes randomisés et préférentiels. La fonction vasculaire a été évaluée par la FMD et la vitesse de l’onde de pouls. La conformité à la CE a été mesurée par les niveaux de monoxyde de carbone.
Résultats :
Dans le mois qui a suivi le passage de la TC à la CE, il y avait une amélioration significative de la fonction endothéliale (tendance linéaire β = 0,73 % ; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % : 0,41 à 1,05 ; p < 0,0001 ; TC contre CE combiné : 1,49 % ; IC à 95 % : 0,93 à 2,04 ; p < 0,0001) et rigidité vasculaire (-0,529 m/s ; IC à 95 % : -0,946 à -0,112 ; p = 0,014). Les femmes ont bénéficié du changement plus que les hommes dans chaque comparaison entre les groupes. Ceux qui se sont le mieux conformés au commutateur EC ont démontré la plus grande amélioration. Il n’y avait aucune différence dans les effets vasculaires entre la CE avec et sans nicotine au cours de la période d’étude.
Conclusions :
Les fumeurs de TC, en particulier les femmes, présentent une amélioration significative de la santé vasculaire dans le mois suivant le passage de TC à EC. Le passage de TC à EC peut être considéré comme une mesure de réduction des méfaits. (Effets vasculaires de la cigarette ordinaire par rapport à l’utilisation de la cigarette électronique [VESUVIUS] ; NCT02878421 ; ISRCTN59133298).
Vaping versus Smoking: A Quest for Efficacy and Safety of E-cigarette.
Comparaison entre différentes méthodes de substitution nicotinique
A Randomized Trial of E-Cigarettes versus Nicotine-Replacement Therapy
TRADUCTION :
Contexte :
Les cigarettes électroniques sont couramment utilisées pour tenter d’arrêter de fumer, mais les preuves sont limitées concernant leur efficacité par rapport à celles des produits à base de nicotine approuvés comme traitements de sevrage tabagique.
Méthodes :
Nous avons assigné au hasard des adultes fréquentant les services antitabac du National Health Service du Royaume-Uni à des produits de remplacement de la nicotine de leur choix, y compris des combinaisons de produits, fournis jusqu’à 3 mois, ou à un kit de démarrage de cigarette électronique (un e-cigarette rechargeable de deuxième génération -cigarette avec une bouteille d’e-liquide à la nicotine [18 mg par millilitre]), avec une recommandation d’acheter d’autres e-liquides de la saveur et de la force de leur choix. Le traitement comprenait un soutien comportemental hebdomadaire pendant au moins 4 semaines. Le critère de jugement principal était l’abstinence soutenue pendant 1 an, qui a été validée biochimiquement lors de la visite finale. Les participants qui ont été perdus de vue ou n’ont pas fourni de validation biochimique ont été considérés comme non abstinents. Les critères de jugement secondaires comprenaient l’utilisation du traitement déclarée par les participants et les symptômes respiratoires.
Résultats :
Au total, 886 participants ont été randomisés. Le taux d’abstinence à 1 an était de 18,0 % dans le groupe e-cigarette, contre 9,9 % dans le groupe substitut nicotinique (risque relatif, 1,83 ; intervalle de confiance à 95 % [IC], 1,30 à 2,58 ; P < 0,001). Parmi les participants ayant un an d’abstinence, ceux du groupe e-cigarette étaient plus susceptibles que ceux du groupe de remplacement de la nicotine d’utiliser leur produit assigné à 52 semaines (80 % [63 des 79 participants] contre 9 % [4 des 44 participants]). Dans l’ensemble, une irritation de la gorge ou de la bouche a été signalée plus fréquemment dans le groupe cigarette électronique (65,3 %, contre 51,2 % dans le groupe substitut nicotinique) et des nausées plus fréquemment dans le groupe substitut nicotinique (37,9 %, vs 31,3 % dans le groupe e-cigarette). Le groupe e-cigarette a signalé des baisses plus importantes de l’incidence de la production de toux et de mucosités de la ligne de base à 52 semaines que le groupe de remplacement de la nicotine (risque relatif de toux, 0,8 ; IC à 95 %, 0,6 à 0,9 ; risque relatif de mucosités, 0,7 ; IC à 95 % : 0,6 à 0,9). Il n’y avait pas de différences significatives entre les groupes dans l’incidence de respiration sifflante ou d’essoufflement.
Conclusions :
Les cigarettes électroniques étaient plus efficaces pour arrêter de fumer que la thérapie de remplacement de la nicotine, lorsque les deux produits étaient accompagnés d’un soutien comportemental. (Financé par l’Institut national de recherche sur la santé et la recherche sur le cancer du Royaume-Uni ; numéro d’essais contrôlés en cours, ISRCTN60477608.).
E-cigarettes compared with nicotine replacement therapy within the UK Stop Smoking Services: the TEC RCT.
Contexte :
Au cours des dernières années, un grand nombre de fumeurs au Royaume-Uni ont arrêté de fumer à l’aide de cigarettes électroniques. Jusqu’à présent, les services britanniques d’arrêt du tabagisme (SSS) ont été réticents à inclure les cigarettes électroniques parmi leurs options de traitement, car les données sur leur efficacité par rapport aux médicaments autorisés font défaut.
Objectif :
L’objectif était de comparer l’efficacité des cigarettes électroniques rechargeables et des produits de thérapie de remplacement de la nicotine (TRN), lorsqu’ils sont accompagnés d’un soutien comportemental hebdomadaire.
Résultats :
Le taux d’arrêt à 1 an était de 9,9 % dans la cohorte TRN et de 18,0 % dans la cohorte cigarette électronique (risque relatif 1,83, intervalle de confiance à 95 % 1,30 à 2,58 ; p < 0,001). La cohorte e-cigarette avait des taux d’arrêt validés significativement plus élevés à tous les moments. Les participants du cohorte e-cigarette ont montré une adhérence significativement meilleure et ont ressenti moins d’envies de fumer au cours des 4 premières semaines de leur tentative d’arrêt que ceux du cohorte NRT, et ont donné des notes plus favorables à leur produit attribué. Ils étaient également plus susceptibles d’utiliser encore le produit qui leur avait été attribué à 1 an (39,5 % contre 4,3 %, χ2 = 161,4 ; p < 0,001). Les participants affectés aux cigarettes électroniques ont signalé significativement moins de toux et de mucosités à 1 an que ceux affectés à la TRN (contrôle du statut tabagique). Une analyse économique détaillée a confirmé que, étant donné que les cigarettes électroniques entraînent des coûts NHS inférieurs à ceux de la NRT et génèrent un taux d’abandon plus élevé, l’utilisation de la cigarette électronique est plus rentable.
Conclusions :
Dans le cadre d’un traitement multisession pour les fumeurs cherchant de l’aide, les e-cigarettes étaient significativement plus efficaces que les TRN. Si les SSS fournissent des packs de démarrage de cigarettes électroniques, cela augmentera probablement leurs taux de réussite et améliorera leur rentabilité.
Nicotine replacement treatment, e-cigarettes and an online behavioural intervention to reduce relapse in recent ex-smokers: a multinational four-arm RCT.
- Effect of a nicotine free inhalator as part of a smoking cessation program.
Caponnetto P, Cibella F, Mancuso S, Campagna D, Arcidiacono G, Polosa R.
Eur Respir J. 2011 May 12.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21565921 - Electronic nicotine delivery systems: a research agenda.
Etter JF, Bullen C, Flouris A, Laugesen M, Eissenberg T.
Tob Control. Commentary.
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.042168.
http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2011/03/17/tc.2010.042168.abstract - Smoking Cessation with E-Cigarettes in Smokers with a Documented History of Depression and Recurring Relapses.
Caponnetto P, Polosa R, Auditore R, Russo C, Campagna D.
International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2011, 2, 281-284.
http://www.endsmoking.org.nz/IJCMecigsDepressionJuly2011.pdf - Safety Assessment of Electronic Cigarettes in Smokers.
Miura K, Kikukawa Y, Nakao T, Tokai H, Izumi Y, Fujii H, Taisuke Hojo T.
SEIKATSU EISEI (Journal of Urban Living and Health Association). Vol. 55 (2011) , No. 1 p.59-64.
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/seikatsueisei/55/1/55_59/_article - Subjective and reinforcing effects of electronic cigarettes in male and female smokers.
Darredeau C, Campbell M, Temporale K, et al.
12th annual meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Europe. Bath, UK, 2010.
https://secure2.symphonyem.co.uk/CMS/UserDocument/899/Cathy%20Book1-121%20.pdf - Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: A step forward or a repeat of past mistakes?
Khan Z, Siegel M.
Journal of Public Health Policy advance online publication 9 December 2010
DOI: 10.1057/jphp.2010.41.
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/centers-institutes/population-development/files/article.jphp.pdf - A clinical laboratory model for evaluating the acute effects of electronic « cigarettes » : nicotine delivery profile and cardiovascular and subjective effects.
Vansickel AR, Cobb CO, Weaver MF, Eissenberg TE.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010 Aug;19(8):1945-53. Epub 2010 Jul 20.
http://www.casaa.org/files/Virgiania%20Commonwealth%20University%20Study.pdf - Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: randomised cross-over trial.
Bullen C, C, McRobbie H, Thornley S, Glover M, Lin R, Laugesen M.
Tob Control. 2010 Apr;19(2):98-103.
http://www.healthnz.co.nz/2010%20Bullen%20ECig.pdf - Known Fact: Electronic Cigarettes Deliver Nicotine More Slowly.
Keller E.
Tob Control. Replies to « Electronic nicotine delivery devices. » Published 18 Mar 2010.
http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/19/1/87/reply - Electronic nicotine delivery devices: ineffective nicotine delivery and craving suppression after acute administration.
Eissenberg T.
Tob Control. 2010 Feb;19(1):87-8.
http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/19/1/87.extract - Pulmonary delivery of nicotine pyruvate: sensory and pharmacokinetic characteristics.
Rose JE, Turner JE, Murugesan T, Behm FM.
Poster, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 16th annual conference, Baltimore, 27 February 2010.
http://www.srnt.org/conferences/2010/pdf/2010_Program.pdf
Meta analyse
Association Between Initial Use of e-Cigarettes and Subsequent Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Soneji S, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wills TA, Leventhal AM, Unger JB, Gibson LA, Yang J, Primack BA, Andrews JA, Miech RA, Spindle TR, Dick DM, Eissenberg T, Hornik RC, Dang R, Sargent JD.JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Aug 1;171(8):788-797. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1488.PMID: 28654986 Free PMC article. Review.OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematicreview and meta–analysis of longitudinal studies that assessed initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking. …STUDY SELECTION: Longitudinal studies reporting odds r
Gateway or common liability? A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of adolescent e-cigarette use and future smoking initiation.
Chan GCK, Stjepanović D, Lim C, Sun T, Shanmuga Anandan A, Connor JP, Gartner C, Hall WD, Leung J.Addiction. 2021 Apr;116(4):743-756. doi: 10.1111/add.15246. Epub 2020 Oct 5.PMID: 32888234 Review.BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Studies have consistently found a longitudinal association between e–cigarette use (vaping) and cigarette smoking. …METHODS: Systematicreview and meta–analysis of longitudinal studies that exam
E-cigarette use and respiratory disorders: an integrative review of converging evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies.
Wills TA, Soneji SS, Choi K, Jaspers I, Tam EK.Eur Respir J. 2021 Jan 21;57(1):1901815. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01815-2019. Print 2021 Jan.PMID: 33154031 Free PMC article.We conduct a systematicreview and meta–analysis of results on respiratory disorders from studies of general-population samples and consider the mapping of these results to findings about biological processes linked to e-cigarettes in con
Association of E-cigarettes with adolescent alcohol use and binge drinking-drunkenness: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Rothrock AN, Andris H, Swetland SB, Chavez V, Isaak S, Pagane M, Romney J, Rothrock SG.Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020 Nov 1;46(6):684-698. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1771723. Epub 2020 Aug 14.PMID: 32795246Background: E–cigarette (ECIG) use has increased substantially in the past decade. …Methods: Searched databases included PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and gray literature. Studies were included if they contained a non-E–cigarett
Primary Care-Relevant Interventions for Tobacco and Nicotine Use Prevention and Cessation in Children and Adolescents: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.
Selph S, Patnode C, Bailey SR, Pappas M, Stoner R, Chou R.JAMA. 2020 Apr 28;323(16):1599-1608. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3332.PMID: 32343335IMPORTANCE: Interventions to discourage the use of tobacco products (including electronicnicotinedeliverysystems or e-cigarettes) among children and adolescents may help decrease tobacco-related illness and injury. …DATA EXTRACTION A
Is adolescent e-cigarette use associated with smoking in the United Kingdom?: A systematic review with meta-analysis.
Aladeokin A, Haighton C.Tob Prev Cessat. 2019 Apr 22;5:15. doi: 10.18332/tpc/108553. eCollection 2019.PMID: 32411879 Free PMC article. Review.Review-level evidence is generally supportive of this concern, but as it is mainly based on studies from the USA we investigated if e–cigarette use is associated with traditional cigarette smoking in adolescents (aged 10-19 years) in the
Smoking by family members and friends and electronic-cigarette use in adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Wang JW, Cao SS, Hu RY.Tob Induc Dis. 2018 Feb 27;16:05. doi: 10.18332/tid/84864. eCollection 2018.PMID: 31516405 Free PMC article. Review.INTRODUCTION: Evidence suggests that smoking by family members and friends is a strong predictor of smoking uptake in adolescents, yet the influence on electroniccigarette (e–cigarette) use has not been systematically reviewed and quantified. .
The effect of e-cigarettes on smoking cessation and cigarette smoking initiation: An evidence-based rapid review and meta-analysis.
Zhang YY, Bu FL, Dong F, Wang JH, Zhu SJ, Zhang XW, Robinson N, Liu JP.Tob Induc Dis. 2021 Jan 13;19:04. doi: 10.18332/tid/131624. eCollection 2021.PMID: 33456434 Free PMC article. Review.Reports suggest that teenagers are becoming increasingly addicted to e-cigarettes and that e–cigarette use in adolescents is associated with subsequent cigarette smoking. …Systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and coho
Association Between Electronic Cigarette Use and Marijuana Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Chadi N, Schroeder R, Jensen JW, Levy S.JAMA Pediatr. 2019 Oct 1;173(10):e192574. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2574. Epub 2019 Oct 7.PMID: 31403684 Free PMC article.OBJECTIVE: To characterize and quantify the association between e–cigarette and marijuana use among youth using a meta–analysis. …CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This meta–analysis found a significant increase in the odds of past or current
Prevalence of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use among youth globally: a systematic review and meta-analysis of country level data.
Yoong SL, Stockings E, Chai LK, Tzelepis F, Wiggers J, Oldmeadow C, Paul C, Peruga A, Kingsland M, Attia J, Wolfenden L.Aust N Z J Public Health. 2018 Jun;42(3):303-308. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12777. Epub 2018 Mar 12.PMID: 29528527 Review.OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and change in prevalence of electronicnicotinedeliverysystems (ENDS) use in youth by country and combustible smoking status. METHODS: Databases and the grey literature were systematically searched to December 20 …
Recherche sur la cigarette electronique
- Nicotine levels in electronic cigarettes.
Goniewicz ML, Kuma T, Gawron M, Knysak J, Kosmider L.
Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2013 Jan;15(1):158-66.
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts103. PMID: 22529223
INTRODUCTION: The electronic cigarette (EC) is a plastic device that imitates conventional cigarettes and was developed to deliver nicotine in a toxin-free vapor. Nicotine in a solution is heated and vaporized when a person puffs through the device and is inhaled as a vapor into the mouth. The EC is a new product on the market and little is known about its safety and nicotine delivery efficacy. The aim of the study was to analyze nicotine levels in vapor generated from various EC brands and models. The study was designed to assess efficacy and consistency of various ECs in converting nicotine to vapor and to analyze dynamics of nicotine vaporization.
METHODS: Sixteen ECs were selected based on their popularity in the Polish, U.K. and U.S. markets. Vapors were generated using an automatic smoking machine modified to simulate puffing conditions of real EC users. Nicotine was absorbed in a set of washing bottles with methanol and analyzed with gas chromatography.
RESULTS: The total level of nicotine in vapor generated by 20 series of 15 puffs varied from 0.5 to 15.4 mg. Most of the analyzed ECs effectively delivered nicotine during the first 150-180 puffs. On an average, 50%-60% of nicotine from a cartridge was vaporized.
CONCLUSIONS: ECs generate vapor that contains nicotine, but EC brands and models differ in their efficacy and consistency of nicotine vaporization. In ECs, which vaporize nicotine effectively, the amount inhaled from 15 puffs is lower compared with smoking a conventional cigarette. - Electronic cigarette aerosol particle size distribution measurements.
Ingebrethsen BJ, Cole SK, Alderman SL.
Department of Chemistry, Medical Technology and Physics, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ , USA.
Inhal Toxicol. 2012 Dec;24(14):976-84.
DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.744781. PMID: 23216158The particle size distribution of aerosols produced by electronic cigarettes was measured in an undiluted state by a spectral transmission procedure and after high dilution with an electrical mobility analyzer. The undiluted e-cigarette aerosols were found to have particle diameters of average mass in the 250-450 nm range and particle number concentrations in the 10(9) particles/cm(3) range. These measurements are comparable to those observed for tobacco burning cigarette smoke in prior studies and also measured in the current study with the spectral transmission method and with the electrical mobility procedure. Total particulate mass for the e-cigarettes calculated from the size distribution parameters measured by spectral transmission were in good agreement with replicate determinations of total particulate mass by gravimetric filter collection. In contrast, average particle diameters determined for e-cigarettes by the electrical mobility method are in the 50 nm range and total particulate masses calculated based on the suggested diameters are orders of magnitude smaller than those determined gravimetrically. This latter discrepancy, and the very small particle diameters observed, are believed to result from almost complete e-cigarette aerosol particle evaporation at the dilution levels and conditions of the electrical mobility analysis. A much smaller degree, ~20% by mass, of apparent particle evaporation was observed for tobacco burning cigarette smoke. The spectral transmission method is validated in the current study against measurements on tobacco burning cigarette smoke, which has been well characterized in prior studies, and is supported as yielding an accurate characterization of the e-cigarette aerosol particle size distribution. - Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models.
Bahl V, Lin S, Xu N, Davis B, Wang YH, Talbot P.
Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; UCR Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
Reprod Toxicol. 2012 Dec;34(4):529-37.
DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.08.001. PMID: 22989551
Electronic cigarettes (EC) and refill fluids are distributed with little information on their pre- and postnatal health effects. This study compares the cytotoxicity of EC refill fluids using embryonic and adult cells and examines the chemical characteristics of refill fluids using HPLC. Refill solutions were tested on human embryonic stem cells (hESC), mouse neural stem cells (mNSC), and human pulmonary fibroblasts (hPF) using the MTT assay, and NOAELs and IC(50)s were determined from dose-response curves. Spectral analysis was performed when products of the same flavor had different MTT outcomes. hESC and mNSC were generally more sensitive to refill solutions than hPF. All products from one company were cytotoxic to hESC and mNSC, but non-cytotoxic to hPF. Cytotoxicity was not due to nicotine, but was correlated with the number and concentration of chemicals used to flavor fluids. Additional studies are needed to fully assess the prenatal effect of refill fluids.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. - In Vitro Particle Size Distributions in Electronic and Conventional Cigarette Aerosols Suggest Comparable Deposition Patterns.
Zhang Y, Sumner W, Chen DR.
School of Engineering & Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2012 Oct 4.
PMID: 23042984INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarette users (« vapers ») inhale aerosols of water, nicotine, and propylene glycol (PG) or vegetable glycerin (VG). Aerosol particle sizes should affect deposition patterns in vapers and bystanders. METHODS Aerosols were generated by a smoking machine and an electronic cigarette filled with 16mg/ml nicotine in aqueous PG or VG solution. A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) counted particles of 10-1,000nm diameters. A single puff experiment counted particles immediately and after aging 10 and 40 s. A steady-state experiment counted particles emitted from a collection chamber, untreated and after desiccation or organic vapor removal. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) human respiratory tract model was used to estimate deposition. Results were compared to similar data from reference cigarettes.RESULTS Puffs generated peak particle counts at (VG) 180nm and (PG) 120nm. Steady-state peaks occurred around 400nm. Organic vapor removal eliminated small particles and reduced the size and number of large particles. Desiccation reduced the total volume of particles by 70% (VG, small PG) to 88% (large PG). The ICRP model predicted 7%-18% alveolar delivery; 9%-19% venous delivery, mostly in the head; and 73%-80% losses by exhalation. Reference cigarettes generated more particles initially, but were otherwise similar; however, in vivo smoke particle deposition is higher than the model predicts. CONCLUSIONS Nicotine delivery may depend on vaping technique, particle evolution, and cloud effects. Predicted 10% arterial and 15% venous delivery may describe bystander exposure better than vapers exposure. - Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count.
Flouris AD, Poulianiti KP, Chorti MS, Jamurtas AZ, Kouretas D, Owolabi EO, Tzatzarakis MN, Tsatsakis AM, Koutedakis Y.
FAME Laboratory, Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Centre for Research and Technology Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2012 Oct;50(10):3600-3.
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.025. PMID: 22858449The World Health Organisation called for research assessing the safety of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette). We evaluated the acute effect of active and passive e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count (CBC) markers in 15 smokers and 15 never-smokers, respectively. Smokers underwent a control session, an active tobacco cigarette smoking session, and an active e-cigarette smoking session. Never-smokers underwent a control session, a passive tobacco cigarette smoking session, and a passive e-cigarette smoking session. The results demonstrated that CBC indices remained unchanged during the control session and the active and passive e-cigarette smoking sessions (P>0.05). Active and passive tobacco cigarette smoking increased white blood cell, lymphocyte, and granulocyte counts for at least one hour in smokers and never smokers (P<0.05). It is concluded that acute active and passive smoking using the e-cigarettes tested in the current study does not influence CBC indices in smokers and never smokers, respectively. In contrast, acute active and passive tobacco cigarette smoking increase the secondary proteins of acute inflammatory load for at least one hour. More research is needed to evaluate chemical safety issues and other areas of consumer product safety of e-cigarettes, because the nicotine content in the liquids used may vary considerably.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. - Electronic cigarette use among teenagers and young adults in Poland.
Goniewicz ML, Zielinska-Danch W.
Tobacco Dependence Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 55 Philpot Street, London, E1 2JH, UK.
Pediatrics. 2012 Oct;130(4):e879-85.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-3448. PMID: 22987874BACKGROUND: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are battery-powered devices developed with the goal of mimicking the action of smoking, including nicotine delivery, without the toxic effects of tobacco smoke. Little is known about the uptake of e-cigarettes among young people.METHODS: A survey was conducted with a cluster sample of 20240 students enrolled at 176 nationally representative Polish high schools and universities between September 2010 and June 2011. We estimated national e-cigarette prevalence among various demographic groups by using population weights. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate which demographic factors were independent predictors of 2 outcomes: ever use of e-cigarettes and use in the previous 30 days.
RESULTS: Among high school students, aged 15 to 19 years, 23.5% had ever used e-cigarettes and 8.2% had done so within the previous 30 days. Among those in universities, aged 20 to 24 years, 19.0% had ever used an e-cigarette and 5.9% had done so in the previous 30 days. In multivariate analyses that controlled for covariates, smoking cigarettes, male gender, living in an urban area, and having parents who smoke were associated with ever use of e-cigarettes. Overall, 3.2% of never smoking students reported ever use of e-cigarettes.
CONCLUSIONS: About one-fifth of Polish youth have tried e-cigarettes; most of them had previously smoked cigarettes. It is unclear whether e-cigarettes are just a novelty that young people try only once or whether they have potential to compete in the marketplace with conventional cigarettes. - Patterns of electronic cigarette use and user beliefs about their safety and benefits: An Internet survey.
Goniewicz ML, Lingas EO, Hajek P.
UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, Tobacco Dependence Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; School of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland.
Drug Alcohol Rev. 2012 Sep 20.
doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00512.x. PMID: 22994631
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: As the popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) increases, it is becoming important to find out more about the characteristics of e-cigarette users, why and how they use the product and whether e-cigarettes are used exclusively or in combination with conventional cigarettes. The objective of this study was to investigate patterns and effects of e-cigarette use and user beliefs about e-cigarette safety and benefits.
DESIGN AND METHODS: E-cigarette users in Poland were recruited online and asked to participate in a web-based survey. The participants provided information on their smoking history, patterns of e-cigarette use, beliefs and attitudes regarding the product and information on concurrent use of conventional cigarettes.
RESULTS: The survey was completed by 179 e-cigarette users. Almost all participants used e-cigarettes daily. E-cigarettes were primarily used to quit smoking or to reduce the harm associated with smoking (both 41%), and were successful in helping the surveyed users to achieve these goals with 66% not smoking conventional cigarettes at all and 25% smoking under five cigarettes a day. Most participants (82%) did not think that e-cigarettes were completely safe, but thought that they were less dangerous than conventional cigarettes. Sixty percent believed that e-cigarettes were addictive, but less so than conventional cigarettes.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The participants primarily used e-cigarettes as a stop-smoking aid or as an alternative to conventional cigarettes, and the majority reported that they successfully stopped smoking. More data on e-cigarette safety and its efficacy in harm-reduction and smoking cessation are needed.
© 2012 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs. - The electronic-cigarette: effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition.
Dawkins L, Turner J, Hasna S, Soar K.
School of Psychology, University of East London, Water Lane, Stratford, London, England, United Kingdom.
Addict Behav. 2012 Aug;37(8):970-3.
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.03.004. PMID: 22503574Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are battery operated devices that deliver nicotine via inhaled vapour. Few studies have evaluated acute effects on craving and mood, and none have explored effects on cognition. This study aimed to explore the effects of the White Super e-cigarette on desire to smoke, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, attention and working memory. Eighty-six smokers were randomly allocated to either: 18 mg nicotine e-cigarette (nicotine), 0mg e-cigarette (placebo), or just hold the e-cigarette (just hold) conditions. Participants rated their desire to smoke and withdrawal symptoms at baseline (T1), and five (T2) and twenty (T3) minutes after using the e-cigarette ad libitum for 5 min. A subset of participants completed the Letter Cancellation and Brown-Peterson Working Memory Tasks. After 20 min, compared with the just hold group, desire to smoke and some aspects of nicotine withdrawal were significantly reduced in the nicotine and placebo group; the nicotine e-cigarette was superior to placebo in males but not in females. The nicotine e-cigarette also improved working memory performance compared with placebo at the longer interference intervals. There was no effect of nicotine on Letter Cancellation performance. To conclude, the White Super e-cigarette alleviated desire to smoke and withdrawal symptoms 20 min after use although the nicotine content was more important for males. This study also demonstrated for the first time that the nicotine e-cigarette can enhance working memory performance. Further evaluation of the cognitive effects of the e-cigarette and its efficacy as a cessation tool is merited.Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved - The electronic cigarette: what proportion of smokers have tried it and how many use it regularly ?
Kralikova E, Kubatova S, Truneckova K, Kmetova A, Hajek P.
Addiction. 2012 Aug;107(8):1528-9.
doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03916.x. PMID: 22594770 - Does e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping ?
Schripp T, Markewitz D, Uhde E, Salthammer T.
Department Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut (WKI), Braunschweig, Germany.
Indoor Air. 2012 Jun 2.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.x. PMID: 22672560
Electronic cigarette consumption (‘vaping’) is marketed as an alternative to conventional tobacco smoking. Technically, a mixture of chemicals containing carrier liquids, flavors, and optionally nicotine is vaporized and inhaled. The present study aims at the determination of the release of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and (ultra)fine particles (FP/UFP) from an e-cigarette under near-to-real-use conditions in an 8-m(3) emission test chamber. Furthermore, the inhaled mixture is analyzed in small chambers. An increase in FP/UFP and VOC could be determined after the use of the e-cigarette. Prominent components in the gas-phase are 1,2-propanediol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, diacetin, flavorings, and traces of nicotine. As a consequence, ‘passive vaping’ must be expected from the consumption of e-cigarettes. Furthermore, the inhaled aerosol undergoes changes in the human lung that is assumed to be attributed to deposition and evaporation. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The consumption of e-cigarettes marks a new source for chemical and aerosol exposure in the indoor environment. To evaluate the impact of e-cigarettes on indoor air quality and to estimate the possible effect of passive vaping, information about the chemical characteristics of the released vapor is needed.© 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. - An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use.
McCauley L, Markin C, Hosmer D.
Department of Internal Medicine, Legacy Good Samaritan Medical Center, Portland, OR 97210, USA.
Chest. 2012 Apr;141(4):1110-3.
DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-1334. PMID: 22474155 - [Electronic cigarette] [Article in Czech]
Králíková E, Jezek M.
Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 1. lékarská fakulta, Ustav hygieny a epidemiologie VFN, Praha.
Cas Lek Cesk. 2012;151(4):208-10.
PMID: 22679688
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarettes) belongs to the « ENDS (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems), ie systems that deliver nicotine electronically. Extract of tobacco does not burn, just warm. Vapors may or may not contain nicotine. E-cigarettes are also available with different flavors. They don’t produce a classic smoke. There is a large variability of these products. It seems that the initial negative position has to be reconsidered. Although there has been demonstrated trace amounts of several toxic substances in the vapor, the risk compared to traditional smoking is minimal. Moreover, lately it was shown that they can really contribute to smoking quitting. The legislative framework varies considerably, from the prohibition on sales to the recommended assistance in quitting. In the CR they are included according to the Act 379/2005 in 2009 among the tobacco products. - The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes.
Caponnetto P, Campagna D, Papale G, Russo C, Polosa R.
Expert Rev Respir Med. 2012 Feb;6(1):63-74.
PMID: 22283580 - Clinical laboratory assessment of the abuse liability of an electronic cigarette.
Vansickel AR, Weaver MF, Eissenberg T.
Addiction. 2012 Jan 9.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03791.x. PMID: 22229871 - Electronic-cigarette smoking experience among adolescents.
Cho JH, Shin E, Moon SS.
J Adolesc Health. 2011 Nov;49(5):542-6.
PMID: 22018571 - Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e-Cigarette) on smoking reduction and cessation : a prospective 6-month pilot study.
Polosa R, Caponnetto P, Morjaria JB, Papale G, Campagna D, Russo C.
BMC Public Health. 2011 Oct 11;11:786.
PMID: 21989407 - Electronic cigarette: users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy.
Etter JF, Bullen C.
Addiction. 2011 Nov;106(11):2017-28.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03505.x. PMID: 21592253 - Identification of amino-tadalafil and rimonabant in electronic cigarette products using high pressure liquid chromatography with diode array and tandem mass spectrometric detection.
Hadwiger ME, Trehy ML, Ye W, Moore T, Allgire J, Westenberger B.
J Chromatogr A. 2010 Nov 26;1217(48):7547-55.
PMID: 20980012 - A clinical laboratory model for evaluating the acute effects of electronic « cigarettes »: nicotine delivery profile and cardiovascular and subjective effects.
Vansickel AR, Cobb CO, Weaver MF, Eissenberg TE.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010 Aug;19(8):1945-53.
PMID: 20647410 - Nicotine electronic cigarette sales are permitted under the Smokefree Environments Act.
Laugesen M.
N Z Med J. 2010 Jan 23;123(1308):103-5.
PMID: 20173811 - Electronic cigarette – anything new ? [Romanian]
Mihălţan F.
Pneumologia. 2009 Apr-Jun;58(2):127-8.
PMID: 19637768 - New modes of tobacco and nicotine use. [French]
Jacot Sadowski I, Cornuz J.
Rev Med Suisse. 2009 Jul 1;5(210):1457-61.
PMID: 19634531 - Patterns of smoking and methadone dose in drug treatment patients.
Richter KP, Hamilton AK, Hall S, Catley D, Cox LS, Grobe J.
Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Apr;15(2):144-53.
PMID: 17469938
Etudes sur la population
- « It sounds like the replacement I need to help me stop smoking »: Use and acceptability of « e-cigarettes » among UK smokers.
Dockrell M, Indu SD, Lashkari HG, McNeill A.
12th annual meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Europe. Bath, UK, 2010.
https://secure2.symphonyem.co.uk/CMS/UserDocuments/899/Cathy%20Book1-121%20.pdf - Electronic cigarette : users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy.
Etter JF, Bullen C.
Addiction 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03505.x.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/61623650/Electronic-Cigarettes%E2%80%94Users-Profile-Utilization-Satisfaction-and-Perceived-Efficiacy - Electronic cigarettes: a survey of users.
Etter JF.
BMC Public Health. 2010; 10: 231
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2877672/ - Patterns of use of electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS) among Polish e-smokers.
Goniewicz ML, Zielinska-Danch W, Koszowski B, Czogala J, Sobczak A.
12th annual meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Europe. Bath, UK, 2010.
https://secure2.symphonyem.co.uk/CMS/UserDocuments /899/Cathy%20Book1-121%20.pdf - Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) as potential tobacco harm reduction products: Results of an online survey of e-cigarette users.
Heavner K, Dunworth J, Bergen P, Nissen C, Phillips CV.
Tobacco Harm Reduction 2010: a yearbook of recent research and analysis. A production of TobaccoHarmReduction.org.
http://tobaccoharmreduction.org/wpapers/011v1.pdf - Interviews with « Vapers »: Implications for Future Research With Electronic Cigarettes.
McQueen A, Tower S, Sumner W.
Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2011. DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr088.
http://ntr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/05/12/ntr.ntr088.abstract - Electronic cigarettes as smoking cessation tool: Results from an Online Survey.
Siegel MB, Tanwar KL, Wood KS.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011 Apr; 40(4):472-5.
http://www.ajpm-online.net/webfiles/images/journals/amepre/AMEPRE301
Etudes toxicologiques
- Study to Determine Presence of TSNAs in NJOY Vapor.
Ben Thomas Group, LLC. December 9, 2009.
http://www.casaa.org/files/Study_TSNAs_in_NJOY_Vapor.pdf - Chemical Composition of « Instead » Electronic Cigarette Smoke Juice and Vapor.
Alliance Technologies. 9 December 2009.
http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/13.pdf - Characterization of Regal Cartridges for Electronic Cigarettes – Phase II.
Alliance Technologies. 12 November, 2009.
http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/9.pdf - Characterization of Regal Cartridges for Electronic Cigarettes.
Alliance Technologies. 23 September 2009.
http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/8.pdf - Comparison of vapor components to cigarette smoke toxicants.
Laugesen M. 8 Sept 2009
http://www.healthnz.co.nz/ECigsExhaledSmoke.htm - Technical Review and Analysis of FDA Report: « Evaluation of e-cigarettes ».
Exponent Health Sciences, July 30, 2009.
http://www.casaa.org/files/Exponent%20Response-to-the-FDA-Summary.pdf - Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis Report. Job Number C09Y8961.
vans Analytical Group. 21 Jul 2009.
http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/14.pdf - Characterization of Liquid « Smoke Juice » for Electronic Cigarettes.
Alliance Technologies. 15 July 2009.
http://cdn.johnsoncreeksmokejuice.com/downloads/JCE_GCMS_Report.pdf - Final Report « Evaluation of e-cigarettes ».
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 4 May 2009
http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/ScienceResearch/UCM173250.pdf - Ruyan® E-cigarette Bench-top tests.
Laugesen M.
Poster 5-11, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) Dublin, April 30, 2009.
http://www.healthnz.co.nz/DublinEcigBenchtopHandout.pdf - Analysis of Components from Gamucci Electronic Cigarette Cartridges, Tobacco Flavour Regular Smoking Liquid. Report Number: E98D
LPD Laboratory Services, Blackburn MicroTech Solutions Ltd. 3 Mars 2009
http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/7.pdf - Safety Report on the Ruyan® e-cigarette Cartridge and Inhaled Aerosol.
Laugesen M.
Christchurch, New Zealand, Health New Zealand Ltd. 10-30-2008.
http://www.healthnz.co.nz/RuyanCartridgeReport30-Oct-08.pdf - Second Safety Report on the Ruyan® e-cigarette Cartridge and Inhaled Aerosol.
Laugesen M.
Christchurch, New Zealand, Health New Zealand Ltd. 9 Apr 2008.
http://www.healthnz.co.nz/2ndSafetyReport_9Apr08.pdf - « Super Smoker » Expert Report Final Report.
University of Leuven Toxicology Laboratory. 29 June 2007.
http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/15.pdf - Materials Characterization Report-Crown 7 Electronic Cigarette.
Analyze. June 28, 2007.
http://truthaboutecigs.com/science/16.pdf
Essais cliniques en cours :
- Smoking Cessation and Reduction With an Electronic Nicotine Delivery Device
Conditions: Healthy Smokers; Smoking Cessation
Intervention: E-Cigarette with 7.2 mg nicotine cartridges - Efficacy and Safety of an Electronic Nicotine Delivery Device (E-Cigarette)
Conditions: Healthy Smokers; Smoking Cessation
Intervention: E-Cigarette with 7.2 mg nicotine cartridges - Efficacy and Safety of an Electronic Nicotine Delivery Device (E-Cigarette) Without Nicotine Cartridges
Conditions: Healthy Smokers; Smoking Cessation
Intervention: E-Cigarette without nicotine cartridges - A Structured Protocol to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of a Popular Electronic Nicotine Delivery Device (E-Cigarette) Efficacy and Safety of a Popular Electronic Nicotine Delivery Device (E-Cigarette)
Conditions: Healthy Smokers; Smoking Cessation
Intervention: E- Cigarette with high and low nicotine - Sensorimotor Replacement With Electronic and De-nicotinised Cigarettes
Condition: Nicotine Withdrawal
Interventions: Behavioral: Stress Ball vs Nicotine-free E-Cigarette; Behavioral: Nicotine-free E-Cigarette vs De-nicotinised Cigarette
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